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MBA專業(yè)術(shù)語中英文(一)

放大字體  縮小字體 發(fā)布日期:2008-06-13
核心提示:A Ability-to-pay principle 能力納稅原則 The idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden Absolute advantage 絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì) The comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity A


  A

  Ability-to-pay principle 能力納稅原則

  The idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden

  Absolute advantage 絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)

  The comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity

  Aggregate-demand curve 總需求曲線

  A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at any price level

  Aggregate-supply curve 總供給曲線

  A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at any level

  Appreciation 升值

  An increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy

  Automatic stabilizers 自動(dòng)穩(wěn)定器

  Changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action

  Average fixed cost 平均固定成本

  Fixed costs divided by the quantity of output

  Average revenue 平均收益

  Total revenue divided by the quantity sold

  Average tax rate 平均稅率

  Total taxes paid divided by total income

  Average total cost 平均總成本

  Total cost divided by the quantity of output

  Average variable cost 平均可變成本

  Variables costs divided by the quantity of output

  Accelerator 加速數(shù)

  the effect on GDP of the increase in investment that results from an increase in output. For instance, the greater output leads a firm to believe that the demand for its products will rise in the future; the resulting increase in investment leads to growth in output and still further increases in investment, accelerating the expansion of the economy

  Acquired endowments 后天稟賦

  resources a country builds for itself, like a network of roads or an educated population

  Adaptive expectations 適應(yīng)性預(yù)期

  expectations based on the extrapolation of events in the recent past into the future

  aggregate expenditures schedule 總支出曲線

  a curve that traces out the relationship between expenditures--the sum of consumption, investment, government expenditures, and net exports--and the national income, at a fixed price level

  antitrust laws 反托拉斯法

  laws that discourage monopoly and restrictive practices and encourage greater competition

  arbitrage 套利

  the process by which assets with comparable risk, liquidity, and tax treatment are priced to yield comparable expected returns

  adverse selection 逆向選擇

  principle that says that those who most want to buy insurance tend to be those most at risk, but charging a high price for insurance (to cover the high risk)will discourage those at less risk from buying insurance at all

  asset 資產(chǎn)

  any item that is long-lived, purchased for the service it renders over its life and for what one will receive when one sells it

  assistance in kind 實(shí)物援助

  public assistance that provides particular goods and services, like food or medical care, rather than cash

  asymmetric information 信息不對(duì)稱

  a situation in which the parties to a transaction have different information, as when the seller or a used car has more information about its quality then the buyer

  autonomous consumption 自主消費(fèi)

  that part of consumption that does not depend on income

  average costs 平均成本

  the total costs divided by the total output

  average productivity 平均產(chǎn)量

  total quantity divided by the total quantity of input

  B

Benefits principle 受益原則

  The idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services

  Bond 債券

  A certificate of indebtedness

  Budget constraint 預(yù)算約束

  The limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford

  Budget deficit 預(yù)算赤字

  An excess of government spending over government receipts

  Budget surplus 預(yù)算盈余

  An excess of government receipts over government spendin

  barriers to entry 進(jìn)入障礙

  factors that prevent firms from entering a market, such as government rules or patents

  basic competitive model 基本競(jìng)爭(zhēng)模型

  the model of the economy that pulls together the assumptions of self-interested consumers, profit maximizing firms, and perfectly competitive markets

  bequest savings motive 儲(chǔ)蓄的遺產(chǎn)動(dòng)機(jī)

  people save so that they can leave an inheritance to their children

  Bertrand competition 伯特蘭競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

  an oligopoly in which each firm believes that its rivals are committed to keeping their prices fixed and that customers can be lured away by offering lower prices

  bilateral trade 雙邊貿(mào)易

  trade between two parties

  boom 繁榮

  a period of time when resources are being fully used and GDP is growing steadily

  C

Capital 資本

  The equipment and structures used to produce goods and services

  Capital flight 資本外流

  A large and sudden reduction in the demand for assets located in a country

  Cartel 卡特爾

 A group of firms acting in unison

  Catch-up effect 追趕效應(yīng)

  The property that countries that start off poor tend to grow more rapidly than countries that start off rich

  Central bank 中央銀行

  An institution designed to oversee the banking system and regulate the quantity of money in the economy

  Ceteris paribus 其它條件相同

  A Latin phrase, translated as 'other things being equal,' used as a reminder that all variables other than the ones being studied are assumed to be constant

 Circular-flow diagram 循環(huán)流向圖

  A visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms

  Classical dichotomy 古典二分法

  The theoretical separation of nominal and real variables

  Closed economy 封閉經(jīng)濟(jì)

  An economy that does not interact with other economies in the world

  Coase theorem 科斯定理

  The proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own

  Collective bargaining 集體談判

  The process by which unions and firms agree on the terms of employment

  Collusion 勾結(jié)

  An agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge

  Commodity money 商品貨幣

  Money that takes the form of a commodity with intrinsic value

  Common resources 共有資源

  Goods that are rival but not excludable

  Comparable worth 同工同酬

  A doctrine according to which jobs deemed comparable should be paid the same wage

  Comparative advantage 比較優(yōu)勢(shì)

  The comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost

  Compensating wage differential 補(bǔ)償性工資差別

  A difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs

  Competitive market 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)

  A market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker

  Complements 互補(bǔ)品

  Two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other good

  Constant returns to scale 規(guī)模收益不變

  The property that long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes

  Consumer price index 消費(fèi)物價(jià)指數(shù)

  A measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer

  Consumer surplus 消費(fèi)者剩余

  A buyer's willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays

  Consumption 消費(fèi)

  Spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing

  Cost 成本

  The value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good

  Cost-benefit analysis 成本—收益分析

  A study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good

  Crowding-out effect 擠出效應(yīng)The offset in aggregate demand that results when expansionary fiscal policy raises the interest rate and thereby reduces investment spending

  Currency 通貨

  The paper bills and coins in the hands of the public

  Cyclical unemployment 周期性失業(yè)

  The deviation of unemployment from its natural rate

  capital gain 資本增值

  the increase in the value of an asset between the time it is purchased and the time it is sold

  capital market 資本市場(chǎng)

  the market in which savings are made available to investors

  categorical assistance 分類幫助

  public assistance aimed at a particular category of people, like the elderly or the disabled

  causation 因果關(guān)系

  relationship that results when an change in one variable is not only correlated with but actually causes the change in another one

  central planning 中央計(jì)劃

  the system in which central government bureaucrats (as opposed to private entrepreneurs or even local government bureaucrats) determine what will be produced an how it will be produced

  centralization 集權(quán)

  organizational structure in which decision making is concentrated at the top

  centrally planned economy 中央計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)

  an economy in which most decisions about resource allocation are made by the central government

  certificate of deposit (CD) 存單

  account in which money is deposited for a preset length of time, that must yield a slightly higher return to compensate for the reduced liquidity

  circular flow 循環(huán)流程

  how funds move through the capital, labor, and product markets between households, firms, the government, and the foreign sector

  classical economists 古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家

 economists prevalent before the Great Depression who believed that the basic competitive model provided a good description of the economy and that if short periods of unemployment did occur, market forces would quickly restore the economy to full employment

  classical unemployment 古典失業(yè)

  unemployment that results from too-high real wages; it occurs in the supply constrained equilibrium, so that rightwards shifts in aggregate supply reduce the level of unemployment

  competitive equilibrium price 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性均衡價(jià)格

  the price at which the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded are equal to each other

  consumer protection legislation 消費(fèi)者保護(hù)法

  laws aimed at protecting consumers, for instance by assuring that consumers have more complete information about items they are considering buying

  consumer sovereignty 消費(fèi)者權(quán)益

  the principle that holds that each individual is the best judge of what makes him better off

  consumption function 消費(fèi)函數(shù)

  the relationship between disposable income and consumption

  contingency clauses 應(yīng)變條款

  statements within a contract that make the level of payment or the work to be performed conditional upon various factors

  corporate income tax 公司所得稅

  a tax based on the income, or profit, received by a corporation

  correlation 相關(guān)

  relationship that results when a change in one variable is consistently associated with a change in another one

  cost-push inflation 成本推動(dòng)型通貨膨脹

  inflation whose initial cause is a rise in production costs

  Cournot competition 古諾競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

  an oligopoly in which each firm believes that its rivals are committed to a certain level of production and that rivals will reduce their prices as needed to sell that amount

  credentials competition 文憑競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

  the trend in which prospective workers acquire higher educational credentials, not so much because of anything they actually learn in the process but to convince potential employers to hire them by signaling that they will be more productive employees than those with weaker credentials

  credit constraint effect 信貸約束效應(yīng)

  when prices fall, firms' revenues also fall, but the money they owe creditors remains unchanged; as a result, firms have fewer funds of their own to invest. Because of credit rationing, firms cannot make up the difference; accordingly, investment decreases

  credit rationing 信貸配給

  credit is rationed when no lender is willing to make a loan to a borrower or the amount lenders are willing to lend to borrowers is limited, even if the borrower is willing to pay more than other borrowers of comparable risk who are getting loans

  cross subsidization 交叉補(bǔ)貼

the practice of charging higher prices to one group of consumers in order to subsidize lower prices for another group

D

Deadweight loss 無謂損失

 The reduction in total surplus that results from a tax

  Demand curve 需求曲線

  A graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded

  Demand deposits 活期存款

  Balances in bank accounts that depositors can access on demand by writing a check

  Demand schedule 需求表

  A table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded

  Depreciation 貶值

  A decrease in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy

  Depression 蕭條

  A severe recession

  Diminishing marginal product 邊際產(chǎn)量遞減

  The property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases

  The property that the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases

  Diminishing returns 收益遞減

  The property that the benefit from an extra unit of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases

  Discount rate 貼現(xiàn)率

  The interest rate on the loans that the Fed makes to banks

  Discouraged workers 喪失信心的工人

  Individuals who would like to work but have given up looking for a job

  Discrimination 歧視

  The offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristics

  Diseconomies of scale 規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì)

  The property that long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases

  Dominant strategy 優(yōu)勢(shì)戰(zhàn)略

  A strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players

  debt 債務(wù)

  capital, such as bonds and bank loans, supplied to a firm by lenders; the firm promises to repay the amount borrowed with interest

  decentralization 分權(quán)化

  organizational structure in which many individuals or subunits can make decisions

  decision tree 決策樹

  a device for structured decision making that spells out the choices and possible consequences of alternative actions

  deficit spending 赤字支出

  the situation that exists when government expenditures are greater than revenues

  deflation 通貨緊縮

  a persistent decrease in the general level of prices

  demand-constrained equilibrium 受需求約束的平衡

  the equilibrium that occurs when prices are stuck at a level above that at which aggregate demand equals aggregate supply at the current price level

  demand-pull inflation 需求拉動(dòng)型通貨膨脹

  inflation whose initial cause is aggregate demand exceeding aggregate supply at the current price level

  demographic effects 人口效應(yīng)

  effects that arise from changes in characteristics of the population such as age, birthrates, and location

  deregulation 放松管制

  the lifting of government regulations to allow the market to function more freely

  devaluation 貶值

  a reduction in the rate of exchange between one currency and other currencies under a fixed exchange rate system

  developed countries 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家或工業(yè)化國(guó)家

  the wealthiest nations in the world, including Western Europe, the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand

  diminishing marginal utility 邊際效用遞減

  the principle that says that as an individual consumes more and more of a good, each successive unit increases her utility, or enjoyment, less and less

  dividends 股息

  that portion of corporate profits paid out to shareholders

  downward rigidity of wages 工資下降剛性

  the situation that exists when wages do not fall quickly in response to a shift in the demand or supply curve for labor, resulting in an excess supply of labor

  dual economy 二元經(jīng)濟(jì)

  the separation in many LDCs between an impoverished rural sector and an urban sector that has higher wages and more advanced technology

  duopoly 雙頭壟斷

  an industry with only two firms

  durable goods 耐用品

  goods that provide a service over a number of years, such as cars, major appliances, and furniture

  dynamic consistency 動(dòng)態(tài)一致性

  a policy is said to have dynamic consistency when government announces a course of action and then has the incentives to actually carry out that policy

  E

Economics 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)

  The study of how society manages its scarce resources

  Economies of scale 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)

  The property that long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases

  Efficiency 效率

  The property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society; The property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources

  Efficiency wages 效率工資

  Above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivity

  Efficient scale 有效規(guī)模

  The quantity of output that minimizes average total cost

  Elasticity 彈性

  A measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants

  Equilibrium 均衡

  A situation in which supply and demand have been brought into balance

 Equilibrium price 均衡價(jià)格

  The price that balances supply and demand

  Equilibrium quantity 均衡數(shù)量

  The quantity supplied and the quantity demanded when the price has adjusted to balance supply and demand

  Equity 平等

  The fairness of the distribution of well-being among the various buyers and sellers; The property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society

  Excess demand 超額需求

  A situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied

  Excess supply 超額供給

  A situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded

  Excludability 排他性

  The property of a good that a person can be prevented from using it

  Exports 出口

  Goods and services that are produced domestically and sold abroad; Goods produced domestically and sold abroad

  Externality 外部性

  The impact of one person's actions on the well-being of a bystander

  economic rents 經(jīng)濟(jì)租金

 payments made to a factor that are in excess of what is required to elicit the supply of that factor

  efficiency wage theory 效率工資理論

  the theory that paying higher wages (up to a point) lowers total production costs, for instance by leading to a more productive labor force

  economies of scope 范圍經(jīng)濟(jì)

  what exists when it is less expensive to produce two products together than it would be to produce each one separately

  efficient markets theory 有效市場(chǎng)理論

  the theory that all available information is reflected in the current price of an asset

  elasticity of labor supply 勞動(dòng)供給彈性

  the percentage change in labor supplied resulting from a 1% change in wages

  equity, shares, stock 股票

  terms that indicate part ownership of a firm, which the firm sells in order to raise money, or capital

  equity capital 股份資本

  capital, such as shares (or stock), supplied to a firm by its owners(shareholders); the returns received by the owners are not guaranteed but depend on how well the firm does

  exchange efficiency 交換的效率

  the condition in which whatever the economy produces is distributed among individuals in an efficient way

  exchange rate 匯率

  the rate at which one currency (such as dollars) can be exchanged for another(such as marks, yen, or pounds)

  excise tax 貨物稅

  a tax on a particular good or service

  expected return 預(yù)期收益

  the average return--a single number that combines the various possible returns per dollar invested with the chances that each of these returns will actually be paid

  export-led growth 出口導(dǎo)向型增長(zhǎng)

  the strategy that government should encourage exports in which the country has a comparative advantage to stimulate growth

  F

Factors of production 生產(chǎn)要素

  The inputs used to produce goods and services

  Federal Reserve (Fed) 聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備

  The central bank of the United States

  Fiat money 法定貨幣

  Money without intrinsic value that is used as money because of government decree

  Financial intermediaries 金融中介機(jī)構(gòu)

  Financial institutions through which savers can indirectly provide funds to borrowers

  Financial markets 金融市場(chǎng)

  Financial institutions through which savers can directly provide funds to borrowers

  Financial system 金融體系

  The group of institutions in the economy that help to match one person's saving with another person's investment

  Fisher effect 費(fèi)雪效應(yīng)

  The one-for-one adjustment of the nominal interest rate to the inflation rate

  Fixed cost 固定成本

  Costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced

  Fractional-reserve banking 部分準(zhǔn)備金銀行體系

  A banking system in which banks hold only a fraction of deposits as reserves

  Free rider 搭便車者

  A person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it

  factor demand 要素需求

  the amount of an input demanded by a firm, given the price of the input and the quantity of output being produced; an input will be demanded up to the point where the value of the input's marginal product equals the price of theinput

  federal government structure 聯(lián)邦政府結(jié)構(gòu)

  a system in which government activity takes place at several levels--national, state, county, city, and others

  firm wealth effect 廠商的財(cái)富效應(yīng)

  lower prices or lower demand cause firms' profits and net worth to fall, and this makes them less willing to undertake the risks involved with investment

  fiscal policies 財(cái)政政策

  policies that affect the level of government expenditures and taxes

  fixed exchange rate system 固定匯率體系

  an exchange rate system in which the value of each currency is fixed in relationship to other currencies

  flexible exchange rate system 浮動(dòng)匯率體系

  a system in which exchange rates are determined by market forces, the law of supply and demand, without government interference

  fixed or overhead inputs 不變投入或分?jǐn)偼度?/p>

  inputs that do not change depending on the quantity of output, at least over the short term

  flow statistics 流量統(tǒng)計(jì)

  measurements of a certain rate of quantity per period of time, such as GDP, which measures output per year

  full-employment deficit 充分就業(yè)赤字

  the budget deficit that would have prevailed if the economy were at full employment, thus with higher tax revenues and lower public assistance expenditures

  full-employment output/ potential output 充分就業(yè)產(chǎn)出或潛在產(chǎn)出

  the level of output that would prevail if labor were fully employed (output may exceed that level if workers work more than the normal level of overtime

G

GDP deflator 平減指數(shù)

  A measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100

  Game theory 博弈理論

  The study of how people behave in strategic situations

  Giffen good 吉芬物品

  A good for which an increase in the price raises the quantity demanded

  Gross domestic product (GDP) 國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值

  The market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time

  Gross national product (GNP) 國(guó)名生產(chǎn)總值

  The market value of all final goods and services produced by permanent residents of a nation within a given period of time

  gains from trade 交易所得

 the benefits that each side enjoys from a trade

  GDP per capita 人均國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值

  the value of all goods and services produced in the economy divided by population

  general equilibrium analysis 一般均衡分析

  a simultaneous analysis of all capital, product, and labor markets throughout the economy

  Gini coefficient 基尼系數(shù)

  a measure of inequality (equal to twice the area between the 45 degree line and the Lorenz curve)

 green revolution 綠色革命

 the invention and dissemination of new seeds and agricultural practices that led to vast increases in agricultural output in LDCs during the 1960's and 1970's

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